Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer MRI: Capability for Predicting Therapeutic Effect of Chemoradiotherapy on Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients

Background: Amide proton transfer (APT) weighted chemical exchange saturation transfer CEST (APTw/CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been suggested as having the potential for assessing the therapeutic effect of brain tumors or rectal cancer. Moreover, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and positron emission tomography fused with computed tomography by means of 2-[fluorine-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG-PET/CT) have been suggested as useful in same setting. Purpose: To compare the capability of APTw/CEST imaging, DWI, and FDG-PET/CT for predicting therapeutic effect of chemoradiotherapy (CRT) on stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Study Type: Prospective. Population: Eighty-four consecutive patients with Stage III NSCLC, 45 men (age range, 62–75 years; mean age, 71 years) and 39 women (age range, 57–75 years; mean age, 70 years). All patients were then divided into two groups (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors [RECIST] responders, consisting of the complete response and partial response groups, and RECIST non-responders, consisting of the stable disease and progressive disease groups). Field Strength/Sequence: 3 T, echo planar imaging or fast advanced spin-echo (FASE) sequences for DWI and 2D half Fourier FASE sequences with magnetization transfer pulses for CEST imaging. Assessment: Magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry (MTR_asym) at 3.5 ppm, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and maximum standard uptake value (SUV_max,) on PET/CT were assessed by means of region of interest (ROI) measurements at primary tumor. Statistical Tests: Kaplan–Meier method followed by log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis with multivariate analysis. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) had significant difference between two groups. MTR_asym at 3.5 ppm (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.70) and SUV_max (HR = 1.41) were identified as significant predictors for PFS. Tumor staging (HR = 0.57) was also significant predictors for OS. Data Conclusion: APTw/CEST imaging showed potential performance as DWI and FDG-PET/CT for predicting the therapeutic effect of CRT on stage III NSCLC patients. Level of Evidence: 2. Technical Efficacy: Stage 1.