Impact of the clinical frailty scale on clinical outcomes and bleeding events in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

The Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) is a simple tool to assess patients' frailty and may help to predict adverse outcomes in elderly patients. The aim of the present study was to examine the impact of CFS on clinical outcomes and bleeding events after successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We enrolled 266 consecutive patients with STEMI who underwent primary PCI in between January 2015 and June 2018. Patients were categorized into two groups based on the CFS stages: CFS 1-3 and CFS ≥ 4. We collected the data and evaluated the relationship between the CFS grade and the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and Bleeding Academic Research Consortium 3 or 5 bleeding events. Of these patients, CFS ≥ 4 was present in 59 (22.2%). During the follow-up, 37.3% in the CFS ≥ 4 group and 8.2% in the CFS 1-3 group experienced MACE. In Kaplan–Meier analysis, the proportion of MACE-free survival for 4 years was significantly lower in the CFS ≥ 4 group (log-rank P < 0.001). Additionally, the proportion of bleeding event-free survival was significantly lower in the CFS ≥ 4 group (log-rank P < 0.001). The CFS (per 1-grade increase) remained an independent significant predictor of MACE on multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis [hazard ratio 1.39 (95% confidence interval: 1.08 to 1.79, P = 0.01)]. In conclusion, CFS was an independent predictor of future adverse cardiac events in patients with STEMI. Therefore, the assessment of CFS is crucial in this population.