Increased Serological Response Against Human Herpesvirus 6A Is Associated With Risk for Multiple Sclerosis

Human herpesvirus (HHV)-6A or HHV-6B involvement in multiple sclerosis (MS) etiology has remained controversial mainly due to the lack of serological methods that can distinguish the two viruses. A novel multiplex serological assay measuring IgG reactivity against the immediate-early protein 1 from HHV-6A (IE1A) and HHV-6B (IE1B) was used in a MS cohort (8,742 persons with MS and 7,215 matched controls), and a pre-MS cohort (478 individuals and 476 matched controls) to investigate this further. The IgG response against IE1A was positively associated with MS (OR = 1.55, p = 9 × 10⁻²²), and increased risk of future MS (OR = 2.22, p = 2 × 10⁻⁵). An interaction was observed between IE1A and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibody responses for MS risk (attributable proportion = 0.24, p = 6 × 10⁻⁶). In contrast, the IgG response against IE1B was negatively associated with MS (OR = 0.74, p = 6 × 10⁻¹¹). The association did not differ between MS subtypes or vary with severity of disease. The genetic control of HHV-6A/B antibody responses were located to the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) region and the strongest association for IE1A was the DRB1^*13:01-DQA1^*01:03-DQB1^*06:03 haplotype while the main association for IE1B was DRB1^*13:02-DQA1^*01:02-DQB1^*06:04. In conclusion a role for HHV-6A in MS etiology is supported by an increased serological response against HHV-6A IE1 protein, an interaction with EBV, and an association to HLA genes.