TY - JOUR
T1 - Investigating the origin and global dispersal history of hepatitis E virus genotype 4 using phylogeographical analysis
AU - Nakano, Tatsunori
AU - Takahashi, Kazuaki
AU - Takahashi, Masaharu
AU - Nishigaki, Yoichi
AU - Watanabe, Naoki
AU - Ishida, Satoshi
AU - Fujimoto, Shino
AU - Kato, Hideaki
AU - Okano, Hiroshi
AU - Takei, Yoshiyuki
AU - Ayada, Minoru
AU - Tomita, Eiichi
AU - Arai, Masahiro
AU - Okamoto, Hiroaki
AU - Mishiro, Shunji
N1 - Funding Information:
Financial support: This study was supported in part by grants from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan and from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan. TN was also supported by a grant from Fujita Health University.
PY - 2016/1/1
Y1 - 2016/1/1
N2 - Background & Aims: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 4 has mainly been isolated from sporadic hepatitis cases and swine in Asian countries. We analysed the origin and global dispersal history of genotype 4 using a Bayesian phylogeographical approach. Methods: The 412-nucleotide sequences of open reading frame 2 of genotype 4 (47 Japanese, 40 Chinese, 1 Indian, 8 Indonesian, 1 Korean, 1 Taiwanese, 2 Danish and 2 Italian), of which sampling date and location were known, were collected. Evolutionary rate, divergence time, demographic growth and phylogeography were co-estimated in the Bayesian statistical inference framework implemented in the BEAST package to model spatial dispersal on a time-scaled genealogy. Results: The most probable origin of genotype 4 was Japan and the time of origin was 1909 (95% highest posterior density, 1871–1940). Seven lineages of genotype 4 migrated from Japan to China. The analysis also showed the migration of genotype 4 from Japan or China to India and Indonesia and from China to Indonesia, Taiwan, Korea and a few European countries. Conclusions: Swine trade between countries coincided with the migration time and direction of genotype 4 in some cases and was considered the primary cause of dispersal. However, there was no clear cause of dispersal for some cases, for which no records of pig trade were found. Future research should analyse additional nucleotide sequences paired with epidemiological data from various countries to improve our understanding of HEV dispersal.
AB - Background & Aims: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 4 has mainly been isolated from sporadic hepatitis cases and swine in Asian countries. We analysed the origin and global dispersal history of genotype 4 using a Bayesian phylogeographical approach. Methods: The 412-nucleotide sequences of open reading frame 2 of genotype 4 (47 Japanese, 40 Chinese, 1 Indian, 8 Indonesian, 1 Korean, 1 Taiwanese, 2 Danish and 2 Italian), of which sampling date and location were known, were collected. Evolutionary rate, divergence time, demographic growth and phylogeography were co-estimated in the Bayesian statistical inference framework implemented in the BEAST package to model spatial dispersal on a time-scaled genealogy. Results: The most probable origin of genotype 4 was Japan and the time of origin was 1909 (95% highest posterior density, 1871–1940). Seven lineages of genotype 4 migrated from Japan to China. The analysis also showed the migration of genotype 4 from Japan or China to India and Indonesia and from China to Indonesia, Taiwan, Korea and a few European countries. Conclusions: Swine trade between countries coincided with the migration time and direction of genotype 4 in some cases and was considered the primary cause of dispersal. However, there was no clear cause of dispersal for some cases, for which no records of pig trade were found. Future research should analyse additional nucleotide sequences paired with epidemiological data from various countries to improve our understanding of HEV dispersal.
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U2 - 10.1111/liv.12880
DO - 10.1111/liv.12880
M3 - Article
C2 - 26037061
AN - SCOPUS:84933566358
VL - 36
SP - 31
EP - 41
JO - Liver International
JF - Liver International
SN - 1478-3223
IS - 1
ER -