Modification of the excess risk of coronary heart disease due to smoking by seafood/fish intake

E. S. Eshak; H. Iso; K. Yamagishi; Y. Kokubo; I. Saito; H. Yatsuya; N. Sawada; M. Inoue; S. Tsugane; M. Inoue; T. Sobue; T. Hanaoka; J. Ogata; S. Baba; T. Mannami; A. Okayama; Y. Kokubo; K. Miyakawa; F. Saito; A. Koizumi; Y. Sano; I. Hashimoto; T. Ikuta; Y. Miyajima; N. Suzuki; S. Nagasawa; Y. Furusugi; N. Nagai; H. Sanada; Y. Hatayama; F. Kobayashi; H. Uchino; Y. Shirai; T. Kondo; R. Sasaki; Y. Watanabe; Y. Miyagawa; Y. Kobayashi; Y. Kishimoto; E. Takara; T. Fukuyama; M. Kinjo; M. Irei; H. Sakiyama; K. Imoto; H. Yazawa; T. Seo; A. Seiko; F. Ito; F. Shoji; A. Murata; K. Minato; K. Motegi; T. Fujieda; K. Matsui; T. Abe; M. Katagiri; M. Suzuki; M. Doi; A. Terao; Y. Ishikawa; T. Tagami; H. Sueta; H. Doi; M. Urata; N. Okamoto; F. Ide; H. Sakiyama; N. Onga; H. Takaesu; M. Uehara; F. Horii; I. Asano; H. Yamaguchi; K. Aoki; S. Maruyama; M. Ichii; M. Takano; Y. Tsubono; K. Suzuki; Y. Honda; K. Yamagishi; S. Sakurai; M. Kabuto; M. Yamaguchi; Y. Matsumura; S. Sasaki; S. Watanabe; M. Akabane; T. Kadowaki; M. Noda; Y. Kawaguchi; Y. Takashima; K. Nakamura; S. Matsushima; S. Natsukawa; H. Shimizu; H. Sugimura; S. Tominaga; H. Iso; M. Iida; W. Ajiki; A. Ioka; S. Sato; E. Maruyama; M. Konishi; K. Okada; I. Saito; N. Yasuda; S. Kono

doi:10.1093/aje/kwu030

Modification of the excess risk of coronary heart disease due to smoking by seafood/fish intake

E. S. Eshak, H. Iso, K. Yamagishi, Y. Kokubo, I. Saito, H. Yatsuya, N. Sawada, M. Inoue, S. Tsugane, M. Inoue, T. Sobue, T. Hanaoka, J. Ogata, S. Baba, T. Mannami, A. Okayama, Y. Kokubo, K. Miyakawa, F. Saito, A. KoizumiY. Sano, I. Hashimoto, T. Ikuta, Y. Miyajima, N. Suzuki, S. Nagasawa, Y. Furusugi, N. Nagai, H. Sanada, Y. Hatayama, F. Kobayashi, H. Uchino, Y. Shirai, T. Kondo, R. Sasaki, Y. Watanabe, Y. Miyagawa, Y. Kobayashi, Y. Kishimoto, E. Takara, T. Fukuyama, M. Kinjo, M. Irei, H. Sakiyama, K. Imoto, H. Yazawa, T. Seo, A. Seiko, F. Ito, F. Shoji, A. Murata, K. Minato, K. Motegi, T. Fujieda, K. Matsui, T. Abe, M. Katagiri, M. Suzuki, M. Doi, A. Terao, Y. Ishikawa, T. Tagami, H. Sueta, H. Doi, M. Urata, N. Okamoto, F. Ide, H. Sakiyama, N. Onga, H. Takaesu, M. Uehara, F. Horii, I. Asano, H. Yamaguchi, K. Aoki, S. Maruyama, M. Ichii, M. Takano, Y. Tsubono, K. Suzuki, Y. Honda, K. Yamagishi, S. Sakurai, M. Kabuto, M. Yamaguchi, Y. Matsumura, S. Sasaki, S. Watanabe, M. Akabane, T. Kadowaki, M. Noda, Y. Kawaguchi, Y. Takashima, K. Nakamura, S. Matsushima, S. Natsukawa, H. Shimizu, H. Sugimura, S. Tominaga, H. Iso, M. Iida, W. Ajiki, A. Ioka, S. Sato, E. Maruyama, M. Konishi, K. Okada, I. Saito, N. Yasuda, S. Kono

Department of Public Health

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

14 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Seafood/fish intake has been regarded as a protective factor for coronary heart disease (CHD), while smoking is a strong risk factor. To examine whether associations between smoking and risk of CHD are modified by seafood/fish intake, we studied 72,012 Japanese men and women aged 45-74 years who completed 2 food frequency questionnaires, 5 years apart, during the period 1995-2009. After 878,163 person-years of follow-up, 584 incident cases of CHD (101 fatal and 483 nonfatal), including 516 myocardial infarctions, were documented. There was a clear dose-response association between smoking and CHD risk among subjects with a low seafood/fish intake (<86 g/day) but not among those with a high seafood/fish intake (≥86 g/day). Compared with never smokers, the multivariable hazard ratios in light (1-19 cigarettes/day), moderate (20-29 cigarettes/day), and heavy (≥30 cigarettes/day) smokers were 2.39 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.60, 3.56), 2.74 (95% CI: 1.90, 3.95), and 3.24 (95% CI: 2.12, 4.95), respectively, among low seafood/fish eaters and 1.13 (95% CI: 0.64, 1.99), 1.29 (95% CI: 0.95, 2.04), and 2.00 (95% CI: 1.18, 3.51), respectively, among high seafood/fish eaters. Compared with heavy smokers with a low seafood/fish intake, light smokers with a high seafood/fish intake had substantially reduced risk of CHD (hazard ratio = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.32, 0.98). High seafood/fish intake attenuated the positive association between smoking and risk of CHD.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1173-1181
Number of pages	9
Journal	American Journal of Epidemiology
Volume	179
Issue number	10
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu030
Publication status	Published - 15-05-2014

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Epidemiology

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Eshak, E. S., Iso, H., Yamagishi, K., Kokubo, Y., Saito, I., Yatsuya, H., Sawada, N., Inoue, M., Tsugane, S., Inoue, M., Sobue, T., Hanaoka, T., Ogata, J., Baba, S., Mannami, T., Okayama, A., Kokubo, Y., Miyakawa, K., Saito, F., ... Kono, S. (2014). Modification of the excess risk of coronary heart disease due to smoking by seafood/fish intake. American Journal of Epidemiology, 179(10), 1173-1181. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu030

Eshak, E. S. ; Iso, H. ; Yamagishi, K. ; Kokubo, Y. ; Saito, I. ; Yatsuya, H. ; Sawada, N. ; Inoue, M. ; Tsugane, S. ; Inoue, M. ; Sobue, T. ; Hanaoka, T. ; Ogata, J. ; Baba, S. ; Mannami, T. ; Okayama, A. ; Kokubo, Y. ; Miyakawa, K. ; Saito, F. ; Koizumi, A. ; Sano, Y. ; Hashimoto, I. ; Ikuta, T. ; Miyajima, Y. ; Suzuki, N. ; Nagasawa, S. ; Furusugi, Y. ; Nagai, N. ; Sanada, H. ; Hatayama, Y. ; Kobayashi, F. ; Uchino, H. ; Shirai, Y. ; Kondo, T. ; Sasaki, R. ; Watanabe, Y. ; Miyagawa, Y. ; Kobayashi, Y. ; Kishimoto, Y. ; Takara, E. ; Fukuyama, T. ; Kinjo, M. ; Irei, M. ; Sakiyama, H. ; Imoto, K. ; Yazawa, H. ; Seo, T. ; Seiko, A. ; Ito, F. ; Shoji, F. ; Murata, A. ; Minato, K. ; Motegi, K. ; Fujieda, T. ; Matsui, K. ; Abe, T. ; Katagiri, M. ; Suzuki, M. ; Doi, M. ; Terao, A. ; Ishikawa, Y. ; Tagami, T. ; Sueta, H. ; Doi, H. ; Urata, M. ; Okamoto, N. ; Ide, F. ; Sakiyama, H. ; Onga, N. ; Takaesu, H. ; Uehara, M. ; Horii, F. ; Asano, I. ; Yamaguchi, H. ; Aoki, K. ; Maruyama, S. ; Ichii, M. ; Takano, M. ; Tsubono, Y. ; Suzuki, K. ; Honda, Y. ; Yamagishi, K. ; Sakurai, S. ; Kabuto, M. ; Yamaguchi, M. ; Matsumura, Y. ; Sasaki, S. ; Watanabe, S. ; Akabane, M. ; Kadowaki, T. ; Noda, M. ; Kawaguchi, Y. ; Takashima, Y. ; Nakamura, K. ; Matsushima, S. ; Natsukawa, S. ; Shimizu, H. ; Sugimura, H. ; Tominaga, S. ; Iso, H. ; Iida, M. ; Ajiki, W. ; Ioka, A. ; Sato, S. ; Maruyama, E. ; Konishi, M. ; Okada, K. ; Saito, I. ; Yasuda, N. ; Kono, S. / Modification of the excess risk of coronary heart disease due to smoking by seafood/fish intake. In: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2014 ; Vol. 179, No. 10. pp. 1173-1181.

@article{de7edf6ec8524127a011912840c9f7a7,

title = "Modification of the excess risk of coronary heart disease due to smoking by seafood/fish intake",

abstract = "Seafood/fish intake has been regarded as a protective factor for coronary heart disease (CHD), while smoking is a strong risk factor. To examine whether associations between smoking and risk of CHD are modified by seafood/fish intake, we studied 72,012 Japanese men and women aged 45-74 years who completed 2 food frequency questionnaires, 5 years apart, during the period 1995-2009. After 878,163 person-years of follow-up, 584 incident cases of CHD (101 fatal and 483 nonfatal), including 516 myocardial infarctions, were documented. There was a clear dose-response association between smoking and CHD risk among subjects with a low seafood/fish intake (<86 g/day) but not among those with a high seafood/fish intake (≥86 g/day). Compared with never smokers, the multivariable hazard ratios in light (1-19 cigarettes/day), moderate (20-29 cigarettes/day), and heavy (≥30 cigarettes/day) smokers were 2.39 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.60, 3.56), 2.74 (95% CI: 1.90, 3.95), and 3.24 (95% CI: 2.12, 4.95), respectively, among low seafood/fish eaters and 1.13 (95% CI: 0.64, 1.99), 1.29 (95% CI: 0.95, 2.04), and 2.00 (95% CI: 1.18, 3.51), respectively, among high seafood/fish eaters. Compared with heavy smokers with a low seafood/fish intake, light smokers with a high seafood/fish intake had substantially reduced risk of CHD (hazard ratio = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.32, 0.98). High seafood/fish intake attenuated the positive association between smoking and risk of CHD.",

author = "Eshak, {E. S.} and H. Iso and K. Yamagishi and Y. Kokubo and I. Saito and H. Yatsuya and N. Sawada and M. Inoue and S. Tsugane and M. Inoue and T. Sobue and T. Hanaoka and J. Ogata and S. Baba and T. Mannami and A. Okayama and Y. Kokubo and K. Miyakawa and F. Saito and A. Koizumi and Y. Sano and I. Hashimoto and T. Ikuta and Y. Miyajima and N. Suzuki and S. Nagasawa and Y. Furusugi and N. Nagai and H. Sanada and Y. Hatayama and F. Kobayashi and H. Uchino and Y. Shirai and T. Kondo and R. Sasaki and Y. Watanabe and Y. Miyagawa and Y. Kobayashi and Y. Kishimoto and E. Takara and T. Fukuyama and M. Kinjo and M. Irei and H. Sakiyama and K. Imoto and H. Yazawa and T. Seo and A. Seiko and F. Ito and F. Shoji and A. Murata and K. Minato and K. Motegi and T. Fujieda and K. Matsui and T. Abe and M. Katagiri and M. Suzuki and M. Doi and A. Terao and Y. Ishikawa and T. Tagami and H. Sueta and H. Doi and M. Urata and N. Okamoto and F. Ide and H. Sakiyama and N. Onga and H. Takaesu and M. Uehara and F. Horii and I. Asano and H. Yamaguchi and K. Aoki and S. Maruyama and M. Ichii and M. Takano and Y. Tsubono and K. Suzuki and Y. Honda and K. Yamagishi and S. Sakurai and M. Kabuto and M. Yamaguchi and Y. Matsumura and S. Sasaki and S. Watanabe and M. Akabane and T. Kadowaki and M. Noda and Y. Kawaguchi and Y. Takashima and K. Nakamura and S. Matsushima and S. Natsukawa and H. Shimizu and H. Sugimura and S. Tominaga and H. Iso and M. Iida and W. Ajiki and A. Ioka and S. Sato and E. Maruyama and M. Konishi and K. Okada and I. Saito and N. Yasuda and S. Kono",

year = "2014",

month = may

day = "15",

doi = "10.1093/aje/kwu030",

language = "English",

volume = "179",

pages = "1173--1181",

journal = "American Journal of Epidemiology",

issn = "0002-9262",

publisher = "Oxford University Press",

number = "10",

}

Eshak, ES, Iso, H, Yamagishi, K, Kokubo, Y, Saito, I, Yatsuya, H, Sawada, N, Inoue, M, Tsugane, S, Inoue, M, Sobue, T, Hanaoka, T, Ogata, J, Baba, S, Mannami, T, Okayama, A, Kokubo, Y, Miyakawa, K, Saito, F, Koizumi, A, Sano, Y, Hashimoto, I, Ikuta, T, Miyajima, Y, Suzuki, N, Nagasawa, S, Furusugi, Y, Nagai, N, Sanada, H, Hatayama, Y, Kobayashi, F, Uchino, H, Shirai, Y, Kondo, T, Sasaki, R, Watanabe, Y, Miyagawa, Y, Kobayashi, Y, Kishimoto, Y, Takara, E, Fukuyama, T, Kinjo, M, Irei, M, Sakiyama, H, Imoto, K, Yazawa, H, Seo, T, Seiko, A, Ito, F, Shoji, F, Murata, A, Minato, K, Motegi, K, Fujieda, T, Matsui, K, Abe, T, Katagiri, M, Suzuki, M, Doi, M, Terao, A, Ishikawa, Y, Tagami, T, Sueta, H, Doi, H, Urata, M, Okamoto, N, Ide, F, Sakiyama, H, Onga, N, Takaesu, H, Uehara, M, Horii, F, Asano, I, Yamaguchi, H, Aoki, K, Maruyama, S, Ichii, M, Takano, M, Tsubono, Y, Suzuki, K, Honda, Y, Yamagishi, K, Sakurai, S, Kabuto, M, Yamaguchi, M, Matsumura, Y, Sasaki, S, Watanabe, S, Akabane, M, Kadowaki, T, Noda, M, Kawaguchi, Y, Takashima, Y, Nakamura, K, Matsushima, S, Natsukawa, S, Shimizu, H, Sugimura, H, Tominaga, S, Iso, H, Iida, M, Ajiki, W, Ioka, A, Sato, S, Maruyama, E, Konishi, M, Okada, K, Saito, I, Yasuda, N & Kono, S 2014, 'Modification of the excess risk of coronary heart disease due to smoking by seafood/fish intake', American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 179, no. 10, pp. 1173-1181. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu030

Modification of the excess risk of coronary heart disease due to smoking by seafood/fish intake. / Eshak, E. S.; Iso, H.; Yamagishi, K.; Kokubo, Y.; Saito, I.; Yatsuya, H.; Sawada, N.; Inoue, M.; Tsugane, S.; Inoue, M.; Sobue, T.; Hanaoka, T.; Ogata, J.; Baba, S.; Mannami, T.; Okayama, A.; Kokubo, Y.; Miyakawa, K.; Saito, F.; Koizumi, A.; Sano, Y.; Hashimoto, I.; Ikuta, T.; Miyajima, Y.; Suzuki, N.; Nagasawa, S.; Furusugi, Y.; Nagai, N.; Sanada, H.; Hatayama, Y.; Kobayashi, F.; Uchino, H.; Shirai, Y.; Kondo, T.; Sasaki, R.; Watanabe, Y.; Miyagawa, Y.; Kobayashi, Y.; Kishimoto, Y.; Takara, E.; Fukuyama, T.; Kinjo, M.; Irei, M.; Sakiyama, H.; Imoto, K.; Yazawa, H.; Seo, T.; Seiko, A.; Ito, F.; Shoji, F.; Murata, A.; Minato, K.; Motegi, K.; Fujieda, T.; Matsui, K.; Abe, T.; Katagiri, M.; Suzuki, M.; Doi, M.; Terao, A.; Ishikawa, Y.; Tagami, T.; Sueta, H.; Doi, H.; Urata, M.; Okamoto, N.; Ide, F.; Sakiyama, H.; Onga, N.; Takaesu, H.; Uehara, M.; Horii, F.; Asano, I.; Yamaguchi, H.; Aoki, K.; Maruyama, S.; Ichii, M.; Takano, M.; Tsubono, Y.; Suzuki, K.; Honda, Y.; Yamagishi, K.; Sakurai, S.; Kabuto, M.; Yamaguchi, M.; Matsumura, Y.; Sasaki, S.; Watanabe, S.; Akabane, M.; Kadowaki, T.; Noda, M.; Kawaguchi, Y.; Takashima, Y.; Nakamura, K.; Matsushima, S.; Natsukawa, S.; Shimizu, H.; Sugimura, H.; Tominaga, S.; Iso, H.; Iida, M.; Ajiki, W.; Ioka, A.; Sato, S.; Maruyama, E.; Konishi, M.; Okada, K.; Saito, I.; Yasuda, N.; Kono, S.

In: American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 179, No. 10, 15.05.2014, p. 1173-1181.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

TY - JOUR

T1 - Modification of the excess risk of coronary heart disease due to smoking by seafood/fish intake

AU - Eshak, E. S.

AU - Iso, H.

AU - Yamagishi, K.

AU - Kokubo, Y.

AU - Saito, I.

AU - Yatsuya, H.

AU - Sawada, N.

AU - Inoue, M.

AU - Tsugane, S.

AU - Inoue, M.

AU - Sobue, T.

AU - Hanaoka, T.

AU - Ogata, J.

AU - Baba, S.

AU - Mannami, T.

AU - Okayama, A.

AU - Kokubo, Y.

AU - Miyakawa, K.

AU - Saito, F.

AU - Koizumi, A.

AU - Sano, Y.

AU - Hashimoto, I.

AU - Ikuta, T.

AU - Miyajima, Y.

AU - Suzuki, N.

AU - Nagasawa, S.

AU - Furusugi, Y.

AU - Nagai, N.

AU - Sanada, H.

AU - Hatayama, Y.

AU - Kobayashi, F.

AU - Uchino, H.

AU - Shirai, Y.

AU - Kondo, T.

AU - Sasaki, R.

AU - Watanabe, Y.

AU - Miyagawa, Y.

AU - Kobayashi, Y.

AU - Kishimoto, Y.

AU - Takara, E.

AU - Fukuyama, T.

AU - Kinjo, M.

AU - Irei, M.

AU - Sakiyama, H.

AU - Imoto, K.

AU - Yazawa, H.

AU - Seo, T.

AU - Seiko, A.

AU - Ito, F.

AU - Shoji, F.

AU - Murata, A.

AU - Minato, K.

AU - Motegi, K.

AU - Fujieda, T.

AU - Matsui, K.

AU - Abe, T.

AU - Katagiri, M.

AU - Suzuki, M.

AU - Doi, M.

AU - Terao, A.

AU - Ishikawa, Y.

AU - Tagami, T.

AU - Sueta, H.

AU - Doi, H.

AU - Urata, M.

AU - Okamoto, N.

AU - Ide, F.

AU - Sakiyama, H.

AU - Onga, N.

AU - Takaesu, H.

AU - Uehara, M.

AU - Horii, F.

AU - Asano, I.

AU - Yamaguchi, H.

AU - Aoki, K.

AU - Maruyama, S.

AU - Ichii, M.

AU - Takano, M.

AU - Tsubono, Y.

AU - Suzuki, K.

AU - Honda, Y.

AU - Yamagishi, K.

AU - Sakurai, S.

AU - Kabuto, M.

AU - Yamaguchi, M.

AU - Matsumura, Y.

AU - Sasaki, S.

AU - Watanabe, S.

AU - Akabane, M.

AU - Kadowaki, T.

AU - Noda, M.

AU - Kawaguchi, Y.

AU - Takashima, Y.

AU - Nakamura, K.

AU - Matsushima, S.

AU - Natsukawa, S.

AU - Shimizu, H.

AU - Sugimura, H.

AU - Tominaga, S.

AU - Iso, H.

AU - Iida, M.

AU - Ajiki, W.

AU - Ioka, A.

AU - Sato, S.

AU - Maruyama, E.

AU - Konishi, M.

AU - Okada, K.

AU - Saito, I.

AU - Yasuda, N.

AU - Kono, S.

PY - 2014/5/15

Y1 - 2014/5/15

N2 - Seafood/fish intake has been regarded as a protective factor for coronary heart disease (CHD), while smoking is a strong risk factor. To examine whether associations between smoking and risk of CHD are modified by seafood/fish intake, we studied 72,012 Japanese men and women aged 45-74 years who completed 2 food frequency questionnaires, 5 years apart, during the period 1995-2009. After 878,163 person-years of follow-up, 584 incident cases of CHD (101 fatal and 483 nonfatal), including 516 myocardial infarctions, were documented. There was a clear dose-response association between smoking and CHD risk among subjects with a low seafood/fish intake (<86 g/day) but not among those with a high seafood/fish intake (≥86 g/day). Compared with never smokers, the multivariable hazard ratios in light (1-19 cigarettes/day), moderate (20-29 cigarettes/day), and heavy (≥30 cigarettes/day) smokers were 2.39 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.60, 3.56), 2.74 (95% CI: 1.90, 3.95), and 3.24 (95% CI: 2.12, 4.95), respectively, among low seafood/fish eaters and 1.13 (95% CI: 0.64, 1.99), 1.29 (95% CI: 0.95, 2.04), and 2.00 (95% CI: 1.18, 3.51), respectively, among high seafood/fish eaters. Compared with heavy smokers with a low seafood/fish intake, light smokers with a high seafood/fish intake had substantially reduced risk of CHD (hazard ratio = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.32, 0.98). High seafood/fish intake attenuated the positive association between smoking and risk of CHD.

AB - Seafood/fish intake has been regarded as a protective factor for coronary heart disease (CHD), while smoking is a strong risk factor. To examine whether associations between smoking and risk of CHD are modified by seafood/fish intake, we studied 72,012 Japanese men and women aged 45-74 years who completed 2 food frequency questionnaires, 5 years apart, during the period 1995-2009. After 878,163 person-years of follow-up, 584 incident cases of CHD (101 fatal and 483 nonfatal), including 516 myocardial infarctions, were documented. There was a clear dose-response association between smoking and CHD risk among subjects with a low seafood/fish intake (<86 g/day) but not among those with a high seafood/fish intake (≥86 g/day). Compared with never smokers, the multivariable hazard ratios in light (1-19 cigarettes/day), moderate (20-29 cigarettes/day), and heavy (≥30 cigarettes/day) smokers were 2.39 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.60, 3.56), 2.74 (95% CI: 1.90, 3.95), and 3.24 (95% CI: 2.12, 4.95), respectively, among low seafood/fish eaters and 1.13 (95% CI: 0.64, 1.99), 1.29 (95% CI: 0.95, 2.04), and 2.00 (95% CI: 1.18, 3.51), respectively, among high seafood/fish eaters. Compared with heavy smokers with a low seafood/fish intake, light smokers with a high seafood/fish intake had substantially reduced risk of CHD (hazard ratio = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.32, 0.98). High seafood/fish intake attenuated the positive association between smoking and risk of CHD.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84900302551&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84900302551&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1093/aje/kwu030

DO - 10.1093/aje/kwu030

M3 - Article

C2 - 24714723

AN - SCOPUS:84900302551

VL - 179

SP - 1173

EP - 1181

JO - American Journal of Epidemiology

JF - American Journal of Epidemiology

SN - 0002-9262

IS - 10

ER -

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