Non-Insulin and Non-Exercise Related Increase of Glucose Utilization in Rats and Mice

The effects of high-energy phosphate contents in muscles on glucose tolerance and glucose uptake into tissues were studied in rats and mice. Enhanced glucose tolerance associated with depleted high-energy phosphates and elevated glycogen content in muscles and liver was observed in animals fed creatine analogue β-guanidinopropionic acid (β-GPA). Distribution of infused 2-[1-¹⁴C]deoxy-D-glucose in tissues especially in the soleus muscle, kidney, and brain was greater in mice fed β-GPA than controls. The glucose uptake was decreased when the contents of ATP and glycogen were normalized following creatine supplementation. Plasma insulin in animals at rest was lower and its concentration after intraperitoneal glucose infusion tended to be less in animals fed β-GPA than controls (p>0.05), although the pattern of insulin response to glucose loading was similar to the control. The daily voluntary activity in β-GPA fed mice was also less than controls. These results suggest that improved glucose tolerance is not related to elevated insulin concentration and/or decreased glycogen following exercise. Such improvement may be due to an increased mitochondrial energy metabolism caused by depletion of high-energy phosphates.