TRPC6 is a mechanosensitive channel essential for ultrasound neuromodulation in the mammalian brain

Ultrasound neuromodulation has become an innovative technology that enables noninvasive intervention in mammalian brain circuits with high spatiotemporal precision. Despite the expanding utility of ultrasound neuromodulation in the neuroscience research field and clinical applications, the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which ultrasound impacts neural activity in the brain are still largely unknown. Here, we report that transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6), a mechanosensitive nonselective cation channel, is essential for ultrasound neuromodulation of mammalian neurons in vitro and in vivo. We first demonstrated that ultrasound irradiation elicited rapid and robust Ca2+ transients mediated via extracellular Ca2+ influx in cultured mouse cortical and hippocampal neurons. Ultrasound-induced neuronal responses were massively diminished by blocking either the generation of action potential or synaptic transmission. Importantly, both pharmacological inhibition and genetic deficiency of TRPC6 almost completely abolished neuronal responses to ultrasound. Furthermore, we found that intracerebroventricular administration of a TRPC6 blocker significantly attenuated the number of neuronal firings in the cerebral cortex evoked by transcranial ultrasound irradiation in mice. Our findings indicate that TRPC6 is an indispensable molecule of ultrasound neuromodulation in intact mammalian brains, providing fundamental understanding of biophysical molecular mechanisms of ultrasound neuromodulation as well as insight into its future feasibility in neuroscience and translational research in humans.