Utility of Preoperative Syphilis Screening on the Detection of Syphilis at a Tertiary Care Center: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Background The incidence of syphilis has been rising globally, but effective screening strategies are lacking. Preoperative syphilis screening is commonly performed at Japanese hospitals for infection prevention purposes. However, its effectiveness in improving subsequent management is unclear. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of universal preoperative syphilis screening testing implemented at a Japanese tertiary care hospital from April 2017 to March 2023. The annual prevalence of positive preoperative treponemal tests was tracked, and subsequent clinical management for patients with a positive test result was investigated. Attributes of patients with a positive result who were more likely to receive further evaluation were also elucidated. Results In total, 82,439 patients underwent surgery during the study period. Preoperative treponemal testing was performed in 94.8% (78,170 of 82,439) of the patients. A positive test result was recorded in 544 (0.70%), with an annual positivity rate ranging from 0.61% to 0.83%, whereas the proportion of presumed active syphilis ranged from 0.02% to 0.08%. A total of 85 patients with a positive syphilis screening test result, a nontreponemal test with a positive titer, and without history of syphilis were identified. Of those, only 45 patients (52.9%) received further evaluation. Conclusions The positivity of preoperative treponemal testing was low despite the rising incidence of syphilis in Japan, and the prevalence of presumed active syphilis identified during the preoperative period was even smaller. Routine treponemal testing in the preoperative setting had limited utility in effectively identifying patients with active syphilis.