Activation of the Anterior Insular and Prefrontal Cortices During Attention Switching and Task Execution: A Study Using a Cued-Switching Task and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background: It is more difficult to concentrate when switching attention from rest to a task than when performing a task continuously. The anterior insular cortex (AIC) plays a role in the mechanisms underlying attention disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The AIC is activated by cues that demand attentional switching; however, it is unclear whether this activity correlates with performance. Furthermore, it is not clear whether the AIC is important during task execution as well as task preparation. Purpose: This study examined the role of the AIC in attentional switching. Research Design: In this study, we created a shortened version of the cued-switching task, which is a cognitive test that assesses the maintenance of focus during task repetition and refocusing on a task after an unexpected interruption or short rest, and assessed brain activity during the task using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Study Sample: Thirty-two healthy adults participated in the study. Data Collection and/or Analysis: We measured brain activity and analyzed its relation to network activity and reaction time. Results: The results revealed that the AIC was also important during task execution and was active together with the prefrontal cortex. AIC activity promoted activity in the salience network, prefrontal cortex, and motor areas. Furthermore, AIC activity during task execution was negatively correlated with reaction time in the absence of attentional switching. Conclusions: These findings suggest that AIC activity is important for switching attention and for completing tasks with or without attentional switching. This study shows the possibility of the AIC becoming an effective target for attention training in the future.