Amyloid-β peptides induce cell proliferation and macrophage colony-stimulating factor expression via the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway in cultured Ra2 microglial cells

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by numerous amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) plaques surrounded by microglia. Here we report that Aβ induces the proliferation of the mouse microglial cell line Ra2 by increasing the expression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). We examined signal cascades for Aβ-induced M-CSF mRNA expression. The induction of M-CSF was blocked by a phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3-kinase) inhibitor (LY294002), a Src family tyrosine kinase inhibitor (PP1) and an Akt inhibitor. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that Aβ enhanced NF-κB binding activity to the NF-κB site of the mouse M-CSF promoter, which was blocked by LY294002. These results indicate that Aβ induces M-CSF mRNA expression via the PI3-kinase/Akt/NF-κB pathway.