Association between Microbiome Dysbiosis and Postoperative Disorders before and after Gastrectomy

Introduction: Gastrectomy considerably affects the gut microbiome; however, the association between dysbiosis and post-gastrectomy syndrome remains to be explored. This study prospectively explored fecal gut microbiota alterations following gastrectomy, investigating their potential association with weight loss. Methods: The gut microbiome of 21 patients with gastric cancer scheduled for gastrectomy in April–October 2022 was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene next-generation sequencing. Stool and blood samples were collected before and 3 months after gastrectomy. The microbiome profiles were compared to those of 85 healthy controls. Bacterial taxa demonstrating significant changes were determined using the linear discriminant analysis effect size algorithm and further analyzed for their relationship with weight loss in the gastrectomy cohort. Results: Postoperative complications (≥grade 2) were observed in 14.3% of patients. Postoperative weight loss was −10.9%, with the following breakdown: distal (−7.0%), total (−13.5%), and proximal (−14.0%) gastrectomy (p = 0.003). Microbiota analysis demonstrated a significant incline in the abundance of the Streptococcus salivarius group and a decline in Bacteroides uniformis in patients with gastric cancer compared to healthy controls. The S. salivarius group exhibited a further increase, while B. uniformis showed signs of recovery after gastrectomy. Additionally, 5α-reductase gene levels, reported to decrease as several cancers progress, were found to elevate post-surgery. Furthermore, patients experiencing greater weight loss showed a significant reduction in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii levels, while lower serum prealbumin and zinc levels were associated with the abundance of Escherichia coli. Conclusion: Gastrectomy significantly alters the gut microbiome. Supporting microbiome health with prebiotics may help alleviate postoperative issues and improve patients’ quality of life.