Increased number of CpG island hypermethylation in tumor suppressor genes of non-neoplastic gastric mucosa correlates with higher risk of gastric cancer

Background/Aim: We investigated the relationship of gastric cancer (GC) and CpG island hypermethylation (CIHM) in tumor suppressor genes of non-neoplastic gastric mucosa. Methods: Gastric mucosa samples were obtained from 125 GC and 180 non-GC subjects. CIHM of p14, p16, DAP-kinase and CDH1 genes were determined by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. High CIHM was defined as three or all methylated CpG islands. Results: Rates of CIHM of p14, CDH1, DAP-kinase, and high CIHM were significantly higher in all GC samples than non-GC samples (p14: 32.2 vs. 50.4%; OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.03-2.80, p = 0.04, CDH1: 36.1 vs. 84.0%; OR = 8.65, 95% CI = 14.74-15.77, p < 0.0001, DAP-kinase: 42.2 vs. 83.2%; OR = 5.98, 95% CI = 3.37-10.62, p < 0.0001, and high CIHM: 44.4 vs. 80.8%; OR = 4.40, 95% CI = 2.51-7.72, p < 0.0001). CIHM in CDH1 and DAP-kinase were associated with a greater risk of GC including all of its different subtypes. An increased number of CIHM was associated with an increased risk of all GC (1 CIHM; OR = 2.33, 95% CI = 0.82-6.64, p = 0.11, 2 CIHM; OR = 4.89, 95% CI = 1.79-13.37, p = 0.002, 3 CIHM; OR = 9.43, 95% CI = 3.20-27.78, p < 0.0001, and all CIHM OR = 24.71, 95% CI = 6.70-91.18, p < 0.0001). Three and all CIHM were closely associated with a higher risk of intestinal-type GC, Helicobacter pylori-positive infection status, male gender, and middle and older GC while 3 CIHM was closely associated with a higher risk of diffuse-type GC, H. pylori-negative infection status and younger GC. Conclusions: CIHM of CDH1 and DAP-kinase in non-neoplastic gastric mucosa corresponded to a risk of GC regardless of histological subtype, H. pylori infection status, gender and generation. An increased number of CIHM correlates with a higher GC risk including its various clinico-pathological subtypes.