Isozyme-specific role of SAD-A in neuronal migration during development of cerebral cortex

SAD kinases regulate presynaptic vesicle clustering and neuronal polarization. A previous report demonstrated that Sada⁻/− and Sadb⁻/⁻ double-mutant mice showed perinatal lethality with a severe defect in axon/dendrite differentiation, but their single mutants did not. These results indicated that they were functionally redundant. Surprisingly, we show that on a C57BL/ 6N background, SAD-A is essential for cortical development whereas SAD-B is dispensable. Sada⁻/− mice died within a few days after birth. Their cortical lamination pattern was disorganized and radial migration of cortical neurons was perturbed. Birth date analyses with BrdU and in utero electroporation using pCAG-EGFP vector showed a delayed migration of cortical neurons to the pial surface in Sada⁻/− mice. Time-lapse imaging of these mice confirmed slow migration velocity in the cortical plate. While the neurites of hippocampal neurons in Sada⁻/− mice could ultimately differentiate in culture to form axons and dendrites, the average length of their axons was shorter than that of the wild type. Thus, analysis on a different genetic background than that used initially revealed a nonredundant role for SAD-A in neuronal migration and differentiation.