Latest Advances in Perioperative care for Resectable Non-small lung cancer

Resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has a relatively poor prognosis owing to the risk of developing local or distant metastatic recurrence, even at stage I. To overcome the high recurrence rate, perioperative therapies have been rapidly developed through the combination of existing cytotoxic chemotherapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and molecular targeted therapies. These new therapeutic strategies have significantly improved the prognosis of patients with stage II–III NSCLC and have been approved for clinical use. However, new challenges have emerged in the selection of the optimal perioperative treatment in clinical practice. First, it is currently difficult to determine which perioperative treatment is superior, preoperative or postoperative. Additionally, since surgery alone is curative in some patients, the addition of anticancer agents such as ICIs raises concerns regarding toxicity, as serious side effects during preoperative treatment may lead to an inability to perform the surgery itself. Moreover, because various perioperative treatments are still being developed, treatment options for perioperative care are expected to increase soon. To summarize the increasingly complex perioperative treatment of resectable NSCLC, this review provides a comprehensive summary of the clinical efficacies of current perioperative therapies and future directions based on basic background, patient selection, ongoing trials, and enhancing immunotherapy.