Role of N-terminus of tyrosine hydroxylase in the biosynthesis of catecholamines

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) catalyzes the conversion of l-tyrosine to l-dopa, which is the initial and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of catecholamines [CA; dopamine (DA), noradrenaline, and adrenaline], and plays a central role in the neurotransmission and hormonal actions of CA. Thus, TH is related to various neuro-psychiatric diseases such as TH deficiency, Parkinson's disease (PD), and schizophrenia. Four isoforms of human TH (hTH1-hTH4) are produced from a single gene by alternative mRNA splicing in the N-terminal region, whereas two isoforms exist in monkeys and only a single protein exist in all non-primate mammals. A catalytic domain is located within the C-terminal two-thirds of molecule, whereas the part of the enzyme controlling enzyme activity is assigned to the N-terminal end as the regulatory domain. The catalytic activity of TH is end product inhibited by CA, and the phosphorylation of Ser residues (Ser¹⁹, Ser³¹, and especially Ser ⁴⁰ of hTH1) in the N-terminus relieves the CA-mediated inhibition. Ota and Nakashima et al. have investigated the role of the N-terminus of TH enzyme in the regulation of both the catalytic activity and the intracellular stability by producing various mutants of the N-terminus of hTH1. The expression of the following three enzymes, TH, GTP cyclohydrolase I, which synthesizes the tetrahydrobiopterin cofactor of TH, and aromatic-l-amino acid decarboxylase, which produces DA from l-dopa, were induced in the monkey striatum using harmless adeno-associated virus vectors, resulting in a remarkable improvement in the symptoms affecting PD model monkeys Muramatsu (Hum Gene Ther 13:345-354, 2002). Increased knowledge concerning the amino acid sequences of the N-terminus of TH that control enzyme activity and stability will extend the spectrum of the gene-therapy approach for PD.