Silibinin attenuates amyloid β_25-35 peptide-induced memory impairments: Implication of inducible nitric-oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor-α in mice

In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the deposition of amyloid peptides is invariably associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Silibinin (silybin), a flavonoid derived from the herb milk thistle, has potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. However, it remains unclear whether silibinin improves amyloid β (Aβ) peptide-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, we examined the effect of silibinin on the fear-conditioning memory deficits, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress induced by the intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ peptide _25-35 (Aβ_25-35) in mice. Mice were treated with silibinin (2, 20, and 200 mg/kg p.o., once a day for 8 days) from the day of the Aβ_25-35 injection (day 0). Memory function was evaluated in cued and contextual fear-conditioning tests (day 6). Nitrotyrosine levels in the hippocampus and amygdala were examined (day 8). The mRNA expression of inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the hippocampus and amygdala was measured 2 h after the Aβ_25-35 injection. We found that silibinin significantly attenuated memory deficits caused by Aβ_25-35 in the cued and contextual fear-conditioning test. Silibinin significantly inhibited the increase in nitrotyrosine levels in the hippocampus and amygdala induced by Aβ_25-35. Nitrotyrosine levels in these regions were negatively correlated with memory performance. Moreover, real-time RT-PCR revealed that silibinin inhibited the overexpression of iNOS and TNF-α mRNA in the hippocampus and amygdala induced by Aβ_25-35. These findings suggest that silibinin (i) attenuates memory impairment through amelioration of oxidative stress and inflammatory response induced by Aβ_25-35 and (ii) may be a potential candidate for an AD medication.