Structure-Guided Evaluation of Thiol-Based Fluorescent Probes for Selective Detection and Inhibition of Metallo-β-Lactamases

Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs)—Zn²⁺-dependent β-lactamases that compromise the efficacy of most βlactam antibiotics, including carbapenems—are difficult to monitor rapidly with broadly applicable small-molecule probes due to the structural diversity among the MBLs. Fluorescent thiol-based probes that bind to the dinuclear Zn²⁺ active site would offer a mechanistically different approach for the selective detection and inhibition of MBLs compared to serine β-lactamases (SBLs); however, their performance across genetically divergent MBLs remains poorly defined. To clarify the structural determinants governing probe recognition across different MBLs, we examined the structure–activity relationships using a homologous series of dansyl-based thiol probes, DansylC_nSH (n=2 and 4–6) toward BlaB, a class B MBL of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, and compared their behavior with those of the clinically relevant MBLs imipenemase-1 (IMP-1) and Verona integron-encoded metallo-β-lactamase 2 (VIM-2). Consistent with the minimal differences in fluorescence enhancement among the series, BlaB inhibition exhibited only modest spacer-length dependence (IC₅₀=29–51µM; apparent inhibition constants (K_i^app) =3600–5910nM). In contrast, IMP-1 and VIM-2 showed markedly stronger fluorescence emission and inhibitory potencies (IMP-1: IC₅₀=0.7–5.2µM; K_i^app=140–1100nM; VIM-2: IC₅₀=1.5–2.1µM; K_i^app=286–370nM), reflecting their distinct active-site architectures. Docking analyses further revealed distinct binding orientations that explain their photophysical behaviors. No fluorescence enhancement or inhibition was observed with the class A SBL Guiana extended-spectrum β-lactamase-3 (GES-3), confirming the high selectivity and specificity of the DansylC_nSH series. These findings allow identifying key structural determinants governing selective activation and inhibition of fluorescence from each MBL.